Physician Assisted Suicide Kindness Or Killing

Beverly Unruh EN-140 Researched Academic Argument Essay August 5, 2014 Physician Assisted Suicide: Kindness or Killing? Legalization of physician assisted suicide has been a highly debated topic over the past two and a half decades. It has evoked many emotions and differing opinions from the public. Surveys show that two-thirds of Americans are in favor of physician assisted suicide in terminally ill patients. But when the issue is at the polls, usually less than fifty percent vote for passage of physician assisted suicide (Quill). It is a topic that hits close to home as many have had loved ones die of a terminal disease or a long, lingering illness. This paper will review the terms of the issue, the history of the issue, encourage the reader to consider better options available to a dying person than physician assisted suicide. Physician assisted suicide is defined as the process where the physician prescribes a lethal dose of medication that the person himself must administer to cause death (Snyder). Euthanasia is defined as the process where the physician actively administers a lethal dose of me dication to a patient with the specific intent to cause death. It is sometimes referred to as a â€Å"good death† (Darr). Terminal illness can be defined as a disease that will cause the patient to die within six months of diagnosis (Drickamer 148-149). Palliative care is the medical specialty that treats the dying patient holistically (Quill). In 1990, physician assistedShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia Is Painless Killing Of A Patient1435 Words   |  6 PagesEuthanasia is painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma, also means to take a deliberate action with the express intention of ending a life to relieve intractable suffering. Some interpret as the practice of ending life in a mercy killing, assisted suicide, and soft slow suicide. There are two main classifications of euthanasia. There is Voluntary euthanasia which is conducted with consent. Where the patient decides for themselves toRead MoreEuthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide1054 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract: Euthanasia and physician assisted-suicide are terms used to describe the process in which a doctor of a sick or disabled individual engages in an activity which directly or indirectly leads to their death. This behavior is engaged by the healthcare provider based on their humanistic desire to end suffering and pain. This is an act that defies the oath each doctor is under and should not be treated lightly, and very strict rules and guidelines should be enforced if an individual decidesRead MoreEuthanasia Research Paper1614 Words   |  7 Pagessuffering. The physician would provide the patient with information or tools needed to perform the act. Not only is Euthanasia dangerous, but it involves an innocent taking the life of another, and can re ally hurt loved ones. Sick patients feel overwhelmed by difficult emotions or situations, but it is no reason to kill oneself. Physician assisted suicide, let alone suicide is never the right thing to do. Euthanasia should be illegal in all states. (www.euthanasia.com) Physician assisted suicide, or euthanasiaRead MoreEuthanasia, Mercy Killing, And Euthanasia1101 Words   |  5 Pages Euthanasia, mercy killing, assisted suicide, no matter what you call it, the topic is very controversial. Personally, I would have to agree with the concept. I know that there are people who are completely against it, and there are those that would consider it in certain situations. By covering this topic maybe I can share some light on the pros of euthanasia for those against it. Euthanasia by definition is the act or practice of killing or permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured individualsRead MoreEuthanasi The Consequences Of Euthanasia1161 Words   |  5 PagesKatie Torras English III CP- E March 23, 2015 HP:______________ Consider the Consequences of Euthanasia Euthanasia, also known as assisted suicide, has caused much controversy around the globe. Assisted suicide has been an early American statute outlawed since 1828, but is an understandable approach to a dignified death when one suffers from a devastating and debilitating disease with no cure. Some believe that the patient should be allowed to be put to death when they have no hope ofRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Should Be Morally Permissible1663 Words   |  7 PagesPhysician assisted suicide should be morally permissible. Patients who are in constant suffering and pain have the right to end their misery at their own discretion. This paper will explore my thesis, open the floor to counter arguments, explain my objections to the counter arguments, and finally end with my conclusion. I agree with Brock when he states that the two ethical values, self-determination and individual well-being, are the focal points for the argument of the ethical permissibility ofRead MoreMoral Quest ion of Hastening the Death of a Terminally Ill Patient1220 Words   |  5 Pagesis sacred and by legalizing physician assisted suicide would lead to abuses by the medical field. A fundamental question concerning hastening the death of a terminally ill patient are, evaluating if this act is a virtue of kindness prompted by a sense of mercy and respect for an individuals wishes? If this is not a act of a moral virtue thought then, it is an act of murder and a violation of the Hippocratic Oath. Some patients who decide that they wish to commit suicide are unable or unwilling toRead MoreEuthanasia And Assisted Suicide And Euthanasia1811 Words   |  8 Pagesof debate comes the question of legalizing euthanasia and assisted suicide. Debates and courts have raged on with this impending question. Naturally, those for it stand on the question, â€Å"is it not right to offer someone a peaceful death?† No one wishes to pass away painfully and no one wants a love one to die horrifica lly either, therefore it is easy to agree on mercy. Even so, it does not change the fact that euthanasia and assisted suicide, whether done by good efforts or not, is wrong. Just becauseRead MoreEuthanasia Essay2328 Words   |  10 Pagesand for physician-assisted suicide (PAS). Support for euthanasia/PAS has been spurred on by the Hemlock Society, founded by former journalist Derek Humphry and based in Eugene, Oregon. The societys political arm helped draft initiatives aimed at legalizing euthanasia. Ballot initiatives in the states of Washington (1991) and California (1992) were both narrowly defeated by a 54 to 46 percent margin. The defeat of these euthanasia initiatives shifted the focus to assisted suicide, whichRead MoreAssisted Suicide As A Controversial Issue1899 Words   |  8 PagesAssisted suicide has become a highly controversial issue over the last few years. The question left unanswered is: should people have the right to end their life with the help of a physician? Many are against the idea of aiding someone in dying. Doctors are some of the most vocal critics when it comes to assisted suicide. To doctors, helping someone end their life is incompatible with their role as a healer. However, there comes a point when a patient sees death as hope for relief, not an act of

Theories Of Learning And Development Essay - 1581 Words

While Vygotsky, Skinner, and Piaget have undoubtedly influenced theories of learning and development, they share similarities and differences in their views of child development. It would hence be useful to examine these by evaluating their views regarding what development is, how it occurs, and whether phases of development exist. It is important to first establish Vygotsky, Piaget, and Skinner’s views regarding what development is. Piaget and Vygotsky have more similarities in their views of what a child’s development is compared to Skinner, as both are primarily concerned with a child’s cognitive development. Piaget examines how children grow in their mental representations of the world through the processes of assimilation, adaptation, and equilibration in ways that lead to qualitative changes in their mental schemas (Siegler, 1998). This concern with a child’s mental interactions with his environment is a key focus in Piaget’s cognitive theory of development. Similarly, Vygotsky (1978) states that his ‘primary concern is to describe and specify the development of those forms of practical intelligence that are specifically human’ (p. 23), and therefore centers his study on the development of cognitive activity in children. Moreover, both Piaget and Vygotsky believe that cognitive development involves a gradual shift towards having an ability to mentally work out problems and plan one’s actions. Piaget believes that in the preoperational stage, children areShow MoreRelatedLearning and Development Theories939 Words   |  4 Pages Learning and Development Theories: Learning and development theories basically focus on environmental factors that impact peoples behavior like reinforcement, modeling, and punishment. These theories have been developed by several theorists in the field of psychology who have endeavored to understand the development and behavior of human beings. The efforts of these theorists have contributed to the emergence of several theories that explain their work. Actually, there are three major learningRead MoreTheories of Child Development and Learning940 Words   |  4 Pages[pic] [pic]Theories of Child Development and Learning [pic] Several theories of child development and learning have influenced discussions of school readiness. Three have had profound impact on kindergarten readiness practices. These three theories include the maturationist, environmentalist, and constructivist perspectives of development (Powell, 1991). Maturationist Theory The maturationist theory was advanced by the work of Arnold Gessell. Maturationists believe that development is a biologicalRead MoreTheories of Play, Development and Learning2166 Words   |  9 PagesTheories of Play, Development and Learning Child development was previously largely ignored, and there was little attention to the progress which occurs during childhood and adolescence in terms of cognitive abilities, physical growth and language usage. However, researchers have found interest to study typical development in children as well as what influences development. Many theories have emerged which have helped full understanding of the social, emotional and physical growth which occurs inRead MoreMoral Development And The Social Learning Theory Essay1466 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will examine moral development and the theories of cognitive development and the Social Learning theory. It will also cover key theorists and their perspectives moving on to different kinds of development followed by an evaluation of the chosen theories and the studies that surround their validity. The final segment will be of the nature nurture aspect. Moral development is essentially the ability to distinguish right from wrong actions and good from bad behaviour. Albert Bandura believedRead MoreDevelopment Of Attachment Of The Learning And Evolutionary Theories1579 Words   |  7 Pages I will be evaluating the development of attachment of the learning and evolutionary theories. I will also be looking at different view points regarding the impact of early experience on later life. The first theory I will be looking at is the learning theory. The learning theory is also called behaviourism, which says all of our behaviour is learnt because â€Å"when born our mind is tabula rasa (a blank slate).† (McLeod, 2007). The behaviourist theory of attachment was proposed by Dollard MillerRead MoreDiscuss Major Theories Of Human Development And Learning Essay1617 Words   |  7 PagesDiscuss major theories of human development and learning, including MÄ ori and Pasifika perspectives. This essay will discuss Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky and their theories as well as critical points from their theories and explain how they relate back to each theory. It will discuss how both of these theories can be applied to work in relation to a role in the Early Childhood sector. It will include Dr. Rangimarie Pere’s studies in education and how they compare to those of Piaget and Vygotsky. ThisRead MoreLearning Theories, Behavioral Tendencies, And Social Development2000 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Gaining experience as a future teacher helps in understanding the multiple challenges of education. By observing these challenges, one becomes better equipped and more prepared to enter the field. Learning theories, behavioral tendencies, and social development are all factors that affect a student’s success in education. In this paper I will analyze and explain the observations made inside and outside of the classroom at Clarkston High School. Clarkston High School I chose to completeRead MoreTheories on Human Learning and Cognitive Development in Young Children755 Words   |  4 PagesLearning is the keystone to American society. It has brought society trough times of economic darkness, religious revival and social instability. Learning has always been debated in the context of when does the learning start in human development, Is learning the result of nature taking its course as was argued by rationalist like Plato and Rene Descartes. According to (BeeBoyd, 2007) Rationalist view point on education is entrenched in the idea that ( â€Å"knowledge is inborn†). On the other end ofRead MoreI Chose Learning Theory For My Career Development998 Words   |  4 PagesI chose learning theory for my career development paper. Learning theory is basically to help individual identify their own beliefs about human behavior and the process of career choice and development. This theory will show how individuals make career decisions that emphasi ze the importance of their behavior and how they act and think when they make career decisions. I truly believe that every individual have the potential of learning different things but if they do not know what to do they willRead MorePsychology : Learning, Development, Stress And Health, And Personality Theories1590 Words   |  7 PagesDuring psychology class, I learned about many different theories that different people came up with to clarify how we act today. In this paper i’m going to use my knowledge of learning, development, stress and health, and personality theories and integrate them with my life. Although, as a child, observational learning and classical learning played roles in the way I am today; operant learning has really impacted me the most. operant learning is when reinforcements are used to either decrease or increase

“Student Involvement in Quality Enhancement in Higher Education” Free Essays

Paper on the Topic Of â€Å"Student Involvement in Quality Enhancement in Higher Education† Prof. S. B. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Student Involvement in Quality Enhancement in Higher Education† or any similar topic only for you Order Now Vanjari ABSTRACT This Paper has been conducted the study of student’s participation in improving and maintaining the quality of education in higher education. The paper shows that student’s participation in Quality enhancement plays very important role in enhancement in the standardization of the institution education at higher level. That role also important for planning, organization, communication, co-ordination and evaluation seemed to be an average level. Introduction and Background Higher education and training institutions and quality assurance agencies operating in India are required to establish quality assurance procedures for the purposes of further improving and maintaining the quality of education and training which is provided by higher education and training institutions. The involvement of students in the established quality assurance procedures is an essential element of such procedures. The requirement to involve students in quality assurance activities relating to programs and awards is further stated in the Standards and Guidelines for Quality Assurance in the indian Higher Education Area. Institutional and agency quality reviews which have taken place in higher education and training institutions over recent years have considered the issue of student involvement in quality assurance procedures. While such reviews have found that students are involved in most quality reviews undertaken in the Indian higher education system, the limited extent of student involvement at all stages of quality assurance procedures has been noted. A number of reports have recommended that Indian institutions need to ensure that students have the pportunity to provide regular feedback on all modules, programs and services, that student bodies and students in general become progressively more aware of quality review processes and that they are involved systematically in quality assurance and enhancement initiatives. Common Principles for Student Involvement in Quality Enhancement Internal quality assurance: Quality Assurance Policy ? The institution enshrines the value of student participatio n in quality assurance activities at module, program, unit, department, college, faculty and institution level. The policy, associated procedures and calendar for reviews have formal status and are publicly available, actively communicated and known within the institution. ? The institution designs its student representation system to provide opportunities for student engagement in decision-making and quality management arrangements. These opportunities are enshrined and clearly set out in a Enhancement Handbook, Student Handbook or equivalent document and are actively communicated. As part of the institution’s development and implementation of a strategy for the continuous enhancement of quality, a policy and associated procedures for the assurance of the quality and standards of their program and awards have been established, setting out a role for students as partners in quality assurance. ? Common Principles for Student Involvement in Quality Assurance/Quality Enhancement Quality Assurance Procedures ? Students are represented at all fora that contribute to quality processes at the institution. ? In addition to formal feedback, informal feedback should also be sought and captured (e. g. eedback from individuals, focus groups etc. ) ? Students participate in internal quality reviews at module, program, unit, department, college, faculty and institution level as appropriate. Student Feedback on Modules, Program and Services ? Coherent and systematic student feedback mechanisms are in place for all modules, program and services. ? Student feedback on modules, program and services is analysed and such feedback is an explicit input to the quality assurance process at the institution. ? Outcomes of student feedback are reported back to students along with an action plan to address any issues raised. External quality assurance: External Quality Reviews ? Students are invited to participate in external quality reviews to ensure that the review covers issues of primary concern to learners. ? The external panel of experts includes an individual who represents a learner perspective. Principles for the involvement of students in reviews of quality assurance agencies ? Students and/or student representative bodies are invited to participate in the key stages of reviews of quality assurance agencies. ? The external panel of experts includes persons with a learner perspective. Common Principles for Student Involvement in Quality Enhancement Selection, training and recognition of students involved in Internal, External and Agency Quality Reviews ? The institution and quality assurance agencies work in partnership with student representative bodies to: ? Set out criteria for selecting students to participate in quality reviews. The criteria are clearly articulated and made publicly available. ? Put in place a transparent and fair process for selecting students. ? Provide appropriate training and support for students selected to participate in reviews. ? Recognize participation of students in quality assurance activities. Conclusion: Student participation plays a very vital role in quality enhancement of higher education level. Proper planning should be design for the student participation in an all student concern activities in the institution. Then it will become strength of institution as well as higher education REFERENCES:- http://www. iheqn. ie/standards/default. asp Arunkumar, R. Sharma. (2001). Financial management . Atlantic publications. Best, J. W Khan, JV (1983)7th edition. Education Research an Introduction Newark, Longman N. C. T. E (1978) ‘Teacher education curriculum’ a frame work, New Delhi:NCERT. How to cite â€Å"Student Involvement in Quality Enhancement in Higher Education†, Essays

Organizational Governance and Leadership

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Governance and Leadership. Answer: Reflection/Self-analysis: Quinn Test: Quinn Test (Questionnaire in Appendix) has been used for the self-evaluation. Test depicted the following: Mentor (Self Confidence) (84%): People enhancement gets over concentrated as a mentor. I will be approachable, sensitive, caring, just, and beneficial in this role. Appreciation is categorized and I am a good listener and helpful when fulfilling my role in this position. I assist progressing privately and encouraging options for the same and providing the opportunities for training and education. Director (Power Influence) (78%): As a director, I clarify the anticipation with the use of location target and planning. I am a decisive initiator who helps in selecting solutions, defining and describing the complex situations, offering recommendations and coverage, attract the procedures and set up the roles and jobs. The function of directors are visualized by previously mentioning the hard work and demanding. Crux of my respective techniques is the authority, which helps in cooperating with the colleagues and administration. Monitor (Credibility Visibility) (78%): All the ongoing things in the department is well known. I am the perfect analyst and well acquainted with the data. I possess great competence and commitment in dealing with the administration. Emotional intelligence test: I underwent the emotional intelligence test to test my leadership traits. Results is provided in the table below: Self-Awareness Self-Management Social-Awareness Relationship Management 9 4 4 6 Descriptors of EI Quadrant: Self-confidence: Self-awareness is the main element of Psychological Intelligence. There are three competencies involved in the self-awareness. First, one is accurate self-assessment where an individual can provide the realistic evaluation of their respective limitations and strength. Second is the psychological self-awareness and using this an individual wold be able to fly grasp the thoughts and conduct the study at the same time. This would assist in recognizing the impact on the performance of work and relationships (Afshari and Gibson, 2015). Self-confidence is the third element where one has strong sense of self-worth. These three areas is essential in determining the capability to become self-reflective in a critical way. Self-management: There are five competencies involved in the self-management. They are transparency, self-control, accomplishment orientation, initiatives and adaptableness. When it comes to taken initiatives, it is about the willingness and ability to speak up when it is necessary. Self-control is about the impulsive beneath command and the disruptive feelings. Adaptability is about adjusting to the different scenarios by modifying and overcoming the various roadblocks. Transparency is about retainment of the expectations of integrity and honesty. Satisfying the interior common excellence by guiding it comes under the accomplishment orientation (Alexander et al., 2014). Social recognition: Three competencies are involved in the social recognition. Organizational recognition is the ability to get recognized within the organization and this is done by developing the networks selectively, everyday living in the organization should be browsed through. Empathic recognition may or may not be socially desirable and it is the capability to understand the feeling of other person from within. It is the capacity to place oneself in other people situation. Under repair orientation, assembling and recognizing the needs of consumers is essential. Relationship administration: Seven competencies are involved in the social cluster of management in marriage. Collaboration and teamwork is the act of creating the groups and promoting the cooperation. Visionary management is about the guiding the men and women, who are the part of the team or the team as a whole. It also involves the use of guidance and feedback, which helps in acquiring other folks and assist in aiding the talent of other force. Conflict administration deals with establishing the resolutions collaboratively and resolves the disagreement. Exercising the variety of techniques with integrity comes under the flexibility (Tannenbaum et al., 2013). Moreover, it also includes sending and receiving the well-tuned messages that are convincing. Bond construction is about preserving g the existing relationships and setting up new relationship. Catalyst adjustment is the proficiency of the people in initiating major folks and new tips in the new course. Situational Style leadership test: Observing and delegating are the attributes, which I found in myself. Leader: Aim is low relationship along with low focus on task Follower: Significantly determined and large competence When the follower is determined to accomplish the assigned task and is capable of performing, then the only task of leader is to depart to them. This is basically entrusting the follower that they would keep a comparatively distant eye to provide the guarantee for the input to the various programs. Concerning this and at this level, followers does not seek regular praise. Any person always welcomes occasional recognition. My life incidents in past twelve months: I was appointed to head up the process force. This had a request for recommending transforming and this was significantly overdue in earning. The ambitions were not very clear to the group. Conference room have merely become a place of social gatherings and the attendance at the sessions was doomed and lousy. There were expertise who were vital in helping the teams. I incorporated the recommendations of the group and I was experiencing that the targets were being met. It was the incident when the power went off at the time of delivering the presentations to the group. It was this time when I took the matter in my hand and resolved it. When I was about to deliver the presentation, the current went off. In this case, I went to the right middle in the place, where the crowd was standing. I asked them to surround them around me. I did not panic and did not even wait to come back. I used my voice as a tool to deliver the presentation, which in fact made the presentation very interesting. Audience gained interest and this motivated me to deliver another presentation with my powerful and bare voice. The above two incidence suggest that I have been able to self-confidently handling the unfavourable situations. In order to perform my duties and responsibilities, I was not dependant on the external stimulus. Incidence also depicts that I am able to influence my team by providing the powerful recommendations. Literature review: The basic principle of self-efficacy was created inside the concept of social cognitive framework. The enthusiasm, imagination layout of people, practices and the emotional reactions are mediated by posing self-confidence. The intention was to manage the nervousness and the idea was to prose to many accounts on the closing final results, which was received form varied remedies used in the scientific typology. However, it can be applied to various other domains of psychological executing (Amaral et al., 2013). This also includes acquiring the cognitive skills, determination, selection and expansion of occupation, carrying out training and well-being and general effectiveness of motors. The judgment of the people and their ability to complete the specified duties are described as the self-confidence beliefs. There are different things to be included in the means of knowledge and this include verbal persuasion, accomplishments, vicarious ordeals and psychological states (Chemers 2014). It is quite possible that the most assured data is given by the performance achievements. Reason is personal master ordeals of an individual forms the basis of the performance achievements. The belief of self-confidence is affected by mater ordeals of an individual. This is done by making use of the cognitive processing of the specifics. There is an increase in the self-confidence if an individual has repeatedly regarded these as success. On the other hand, self-confidence decreases if these were observed as failures (Holten and Brenner, 2015). Self-confidence and outcome of performance is impacted in a different way due to the self-monitoring, which might be failure or success. Individual should not concentrate on the failures; rather they should concentrate on success, which fairly represents extra encouragement. Perceived self-confidence is impacted by the functionality routines. Perceived self-confidence depends on various other factors. It includes the concept about the specific ability, amount of steerage obtained, temporary pattern concerning failure and achievements and the difficulty expended. It has been argued by Bandura that the occasional failures improves the self-worth rewards as this leads to the opportunities of word tried independently. The task with the repeated failures, task finished with exterior aids within the mastering method does not seems to act as an indicator of enhancement (Muethel and Hoegl, 2013). Technique of social comparison along with the other folks can be used to derive the self-esteem data. Performance achievements are considered stronger than the secondary resources of the self-esteem specifics. However, the influence of the self-esteem on the self-confidence can be influenced by variety of parts. The greater an individual depend on others for making the judgement of their own qualities. Such individual have knowledge with performance conditions and are less encountered (Sadeghi and Pihie, 2012). This modelling techniques helps in determining the self-confidence has experienced an improvement by the perceive similarities toward the service and products about the personal attributes and performance. Persuasive strategies affects the self-assurance, conduct and resolve of an individual and they are commonly designed utilization by coaches, mother and father, instructors and friends. When buying the skilled common efficiency, the anticipation of the parents and teachers are emphasized by the fantastic deal. Self-confidence of kid is greatly impacted by the verbal persuasions that a toddler is talented. Elements of persuasive valuation includes the thought, which are evaluative, verbal persuasion, self-talk, folks anticipation along with the other cognitive procedures. Persuasive techniques are thought to be handiest (Shattock, 2013). This is after the appraisal and this is beyond what exactly a person can do. Nevertheless, it is said that the person are knowledgeable in the functional bounds and the improved performance is achievable by exertions and excessive energy. One of the key determinant of the conduct is the self-efficacy. This is so because now days, women and men possess self-perception of self-assurance as they have ample incentives and there is also need of possessing the requisite techniques. The exact functionality is lower than the belief of self-confidence. This happens when general efficiency is imposed with the bodily or social constraints and when there is small incentive to complete the assignment. In accordance to Bandura, discrepancy may arise due to the ambiguity of the career or instances. Discrepancy may also happen when the foundation of the self-worth judgement is dependent on the minor specifics (Hayat et al., 2015). Long-run individual goal setting is believed to be impacted by self-confidence. It also helps in mediating the connection between the motivation and purpose of intentions. Self-confidence beliefs that are greater and stronger are shown by the investigation. This is shown by the aim, which an individual set for themselves in line with their commitments. The higher the aims people set for themselves along with their commitments, which is measured by their resoluteness. The greater commitments are based on the intentions of objectives. The self-regulatory influences mediates the intention of objectives and this comprised of two types of self-reactive influences (Hogg et al., 2012). For attaining the goal, the two forms of self-reactive influences are self-efficacy that are perceived and self-evaluation that are effective. The individual objective of people is dissatisfied when their performance collapse. For the attainment of aim, Self-confidence of person partially affects the hard work and intention or distention of increased efforts. This is irrespective of the fact that the dissatisfaction serves the above. The attainment folks and the unique program are involved in the facial areas of human conflicting facts. The diploma along with the discrepancy predicts this. The persistence and the stage of labour of an individual is immediately heightened due to the greater belief in self-confidence (Du et al., 2013). It will also immediately eliminates the self-doubt. Conclusion: The perception of trust toward the supervisor determines the degree of impact. It can be said in another words that there is a need for leader and mangers to establish believability. Innovation is involved in gaining professional acceptance for deference and their right to acquire higher status. Apart from this, it would also involve overriding power. All these is done by demonstrating that the work done by them is not easy for others and their work cannot be predicted. Another leverage for power is provide by the non-routine and this will affect the visibility of the assurance given by the supervisor (Kopel and Lffler, 2012). Two organizationally relevant personal qualities to be acquired and maintained by the professionals and would assist them in overcoming the problem of ambiguity and legitimacy in doubt. Professionals belonging to persuasive or coercive category should be capable of utilizing the power bases. For this, they need to possess visibility and believability that would enable them to be in other people eyes and in lending ears to other. Researchers have examined specific types of influence behaviour and rather than the potential source, which involves focusing on power, it helps in bridging the gap between the behavioural and potential approaches to the managerial leadership. The benefits of power style in the organizational settings have been founded and identified by many authors This includes direction, integration, consensus, pressure, coercion and consensus. One of the style that is predictive of participation in the workplace is the integrative power style. In relation to decision-making and work activities, there is a need of active managerial participation and is provided by the preference of integrative work style ((Li et al., 2016).). Participative or democratic power style, also known as consensus power style helps in seeking the consensus within the group direction. People oriented supervisors are those who practice consensus style. This style make use of idea generation, participation and guidance for b uilding the consensus. In addition to this, it also requires competent and highly developed subordinates for participating the process of decision-making and in generating ideas (Marion and Gonzales, 2013). Trust among the subordinates is build and developed by the leaders using this style. One of the oldest style is directive style and it is frequently described as an autocratic style. Directive style is characterized by an instrumental style where the leaders tell subordinates what they are expected to do and how the task are expected to be performed. Leaders exercise firm rules and they also ensures that subordinates follow these rules. In order to get the work done by the subordinates, pressurizing power style is constantly employed by administrators. The characteristics of coercive leaders are referring to motivate the subordinates in discipline, controlling the subordinates. Such leaders also provides the instruction on the work performed. Control is the fundamental aspect of coercive style of leader ship (Northouse, 2015). Way of performing the work and direct and explicit instruction on the job is obtained through the results. Exercising the collective power forms the basis of consensus and integrative power style. Supervisors are empowered and they develop commitment among the group under this leadership style. This help them in gaining confidence and a feeling of accomplishment is entrusted along with the development of inter personal trust and goodwill. For the transformational leadership, the better possibilities are consensus and integrative styles. Leaders are able to realise the long-term goals by encouraging participation from their subordinates. It seeks input from every individual. Power styles, which falls under the transactional style of leadership, are directive, transactional and pressurizing power style (Klettner et al., 2014). In the light of the series of transactions, human relations forms an important component of transactional leadership. Reference: Afshari, L. and Gibson, P., 2015, February. Why culture matters to leadership, motivation, and willing organizational commitment?. InICMLG2015-The 3rd International Conference on Management, Leadership and Governance: ICMLG. Alexander Arthur, C. and Hardy, L., 2014. Transformational leadership: a quasi-experimental study.Leadership Organization Development Journal,35(1), pp.38-53. Amaral, A., Jones, G.A. and Karseth, B. eds., 2013.Governing higher education: National perspectives on institutional governance(Vol. 2). Springer Science Business Media. Chemers, M., 2014.An integrative theory of leadership. Psychology Press. Du, S., Swaen, V., Lindgreen, A. and Sen, S., 2013. The roles of leadership styles in corporate social responsibility.Journal of business ethics,114(1), pp.155-169. Hayat, A., Hasanvand, M.M., Nikakhlag, S. and Dehghani, M.R., 2015. The role of leadership styles in knowledge management processes.Journal of Health Management and Informatics,2(2), pp.41-46. Hogg, M.A., van Knippenberg, D. and Rast III, D.E., 2012. The social identity theory of leadership: Theoretical origins, research findings, and conceptual developments.European Review of Social Psychology,23(1), pp.258-304. Holten, A.L. and Brenner, S.O., 2015. Leadership style and the process of organizational change.Leadership Organization Development Journal,36(1), pp.2-16. Klettner, A., Clarke, T. and Boersma, M., 2014. The governance of corporate sustainability: Empirical insights into the development, leadership and implementation of responsible business strategy.Journal of Business Ethics,122(1), pp.145-165. Kopel, M. and Lffler, C., 2012. Organizational governance, leadership, and the influence of competition.Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics JITE,168(3), pp.362-392. Li, Z., Gupta, B., Loon, M. and Casimir, G., 2016. Combinative aspects of leadership style and emotional intelligence.Leadership Organization Development Journal,37(1), pp.107-125. Marion, R. and Gonzales, L.D., 2013.Leadership in education: Organizational theory for the practitioner. Waveland Press. Muethel, M. and Hoegl, M., 2013. Shared leadership effectiveness in independent professional teams.European Management Journal,31(4), pp.423-432. Nichols, T.W. and Erakovich, R., 2013. Authentic leadership and implicit theory: a normative form of leadership?.Leadership Organization Development Journal,34(2), pp.182-195. Northouse, P.G., 2015.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Sadeghi, A. and Pihie, Z.A.L., 2012. Transformational leadership and its predictive effects on leadership effectiveness.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(7). Shattock, M., 2013. University governance, leadership and management in a decade of diversification and uncertainty.Higher Education Quarterly,67(3), pp.217-233. Tannenbaum, R., Weschler, I. and Massarik, F., 2013.Leadership and organization. Routledge.

6. “It Is More Important to Discover New Ways of Thinking free essay sample

Developing new ways of thinking about what we already know is very important as it helps us to develop a better understanding of that which we already know so to some extent the above statement is true. However it is as significant to discover new data or facts. In fact these two concepts go hand in hand; it is because of some discoveries that we knew when they first came to light that we have something we call existing knowledge to think about and sometimes it is through trying to develop new ways of thinking about a certain issue without a solution that we finally decide it is best to find a new explanation or concept of looking at it. A student who goes from lower to higher school both learns new and advanced ways of thinking about the information they have gathered in previous grades as well as some new data they have never come across before which further stresses that both concepts are important. We will write a custom essay sample on 6. â€Å"It Is More Important to Discover New Ways of Thinking or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We cannot learn everything at once nor can we know all sbout those things we know, which is why both developing what we already know and leaarning some new things are equally important. In some cases one may find that discussing and thinking about what we already know but in a new clearer way can help us reach a conclusion whereas if we had chosen to discover new facts about it instead, our horizon of confusion would have been broadened and we find ourselves with yet another mystery to solve. A good example of a case like this is death. Unless someone dies and comes back and tells us exactly what happens after death, no one can ever really know what happens. Any information we all have of life after death is based on assumptions that is if there is even life after death. Discovering new facts about the so called life after death isn’t but going to cause even more confusion, so really in my view I would say it is rather best that one sticks to the knowledge and believe they have over this issue, and if anything, find new ways of thinking about instead of creating yet another confusing phenomena based on assumptions. But such fields as Science motivate constant discovery of new knowledge because this is one area of knowledge where falsification is the only method used to prove the theories because we cannot verify, in other words prove a Scientific theory to be true in any way but we can pfove it fo be wrong. In this case it is clear then that in Science it is more important to discover new facts or data than to think about that which we already have as we need new discoveries to falsify old theories. However sometimes it may be thinking hard and deep into a scientific theory that makes one see fault in it as a result make new discoveries in which case both thinking of something in a new way and making new discoveries would have been equally important. We can for instance look into the famous example of the falsification of Newton’s theory of gravitation by Einstein’s theory of relativity. Einstein like all other Scientists of that time saw nothing wrong with Newton’s model until a crisis came when Newton’s theory of gravity failed to account for the behavior of light. Obviously this had to be a result of scientists thinking of new ways of applying Newton’s model. No one expected the negative outcome they came out with but it was negative and the Scientists were faced with a dilemma they had to solve. That it is when Einstein invented his theory of relativity, a whole new theory, which could work even for those discoveries that Newton’s model failed to. In any case, the point is to show that finding new ways to think of something can actually lead to the discovery of new information which in turn gives us something new to think about and in new ways if we please. Living only by developing things we already know would be depriving ourselves off so much knowledge. Had the people who lived before our generation decided they wanted to live only on what they knew, there would be so much we do not know. Generations like that of Newton or Einstein, generations like that of Priestley or Lavoisier who made discoveries about oxygen and those of people who learned the word of God and passed it on from generation to generation till the bible was written we would not have the knowledge we have today. And the knowledge does not end there and like the paradigm shifts suggest, there will always be new information, new theories and new ways of thinking as the world revolves that will override the current theories but should we decide to live only by the data that already exists, we may find that we are making experiments with 90% errors all the time.

ACT Math Tutor

What Makes for An Effective SAT/ACT Math Tutor SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You’d think that finding a good SAT/ACT Math tutor should be simple – just get someone who is really good at math to tutor you. Unfortunately, just because someone is good at math doesn’t make her the most effective tutor, particularly when it comes to the SAT or ACT. For instance, while I'm better at SAT/ACT Reading (compared to SAT/ACT Math), I'm actually a better math tutor, because I don’t always â€Å"get it" right away – I have to try out different ways to teach myself the material before I grasp it fully. Read on for more specifics on what makes the most effective SAT/ACT Math tutor. And if you want specific advice on SAT/ACT Reading tutoring as well, don't worry– we have an article about what to look for in an SAT/ACT Reading tutor here. feature image credit: Math, Math, Math, math, mathh....maaah..... by Aaron Escobar, used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original. Effective SAT/ACT Math Tutors Are High Scorers Effective SAT/ACT math tutors must have scored in the 99th percentile on the test. At PrepScholar, we take it one step further: not only do we exclusively hire 99th percentile scorers, but many of these tutors were perfect scorers on the sections that they tutor. Why is this important? Because in order to be able to customize teaching, a tutor must have mastered the material. This doesn’t just mean knowing the content (probability, plane geometry, etc.). Tutors need to understand HOW the SAT/ACT questions you on math. The medium to hard questions in particular are not things you would have learned in school – it’s as much about interpreting the questions as it is solving the problems. Effective SAT/ACT Math Tutors Can Pinpoint Your Weaknesses The best math tutor needs to understand WHERE students are making mistakes in the questions. When all is said and done, a particularly challenging math question can test half a dozen or more skills. Take this sample problem: There are many complicated steps you have to take to solve this problem. Understand the problem: what’s this weird question even asking for? What information does the problem give you to solve the question? How do you use this information to solve the question? How does the angle of a polygon relate to the number of sides? How many degrees are in a quadrilateral? What does this mean about the degree measure of the other two sides? What does this mean about how many sides the polygon has? A student who misses the question could be tripped up by any one of these steps. How should a tutor address this? A mediocre tutor will just make sure the student understands how to get the answer to this particular question and move on. Why is this bad? It’s inefficient – it’s highly unlikely this particular question will show up on the SAT/ACT, and so the assistance given is not generalizable. Furthermore, it doesn't identify the student's actual weaknesses - it just patches over serious problems with a quick fix. The best tutor will pinpoint exactly where the student is having issues, then work on weaknesses until there are no longer any issues.A student who doesn't understand the formula for polygon angles needs very different help from a student who makes mistakes in the algebraic portion of this question. If the tutor doesn't identify these weaknesses and address them, the student will find it very hard to improve her score. be my valentine (cc) by Martin Fisch, used under CC BY-SA 2.0. Disclaimer: We at PrepScholar do not guarantee that the best tutors will be immortalized in statue form. Effective SAT/ACT Math Tutors Will Customize Test Strategies To You The best tutors will understand optimal strategies and be able to teach them to students, customizing the strategies to a student's particular level. Read on for an example of two different strategy suggestions: one suggestion is for someone aiming for a 600 on the SAT or 27 on the ACT and the other is for someone aiming for a perfect score on the SAT/ACT). Students who are aiming for a 600 or a 27 or a can skip hardest 25% of questions and instead focus on easier ones. For more strategies like these, read our articles on how to improve low SAT Math Scores or low ACT Math scores. If you're aiming for the perfect score, on the other hand, you might need to take note of time management. Take a timed practice test, and if you run out of time, mark the questions you answer with extra time. Compare your scaled score with extra time with your realistic score (the score that only includes questions answered during the normal time period). If your score differs by more than 50 points (on the SAT) or 1 point (on the ACT), you have serious time management issues. Are you generally slow at math questions, or were there particular questions that slowed you down? For more time management tips and other strategies, read our articles on scoring an 800 in SAT Math or 36 in ACT Math. Actions To Take The best way to get a sense of any tutor’s teaching style is to get her to demonstrate how she’d explain the process of answering a difficult question. PROTIP: Pick out a question ahead of time that you previously missed and have had trouble with from a real SAT and use it every time, so you can compare the explanations of multiple tutors. I’ve also compiled a list of sample questions parents and students might want to ask potential tutors. Click to download the PDF, or click on the image below. Use the answers to these questions to assess how a tutor teaches and whether or not her particular teaching style and method will be effective for you. What’s Next? Curious about tutoring for the SAT/ACT Reading sections? If you haven’t already, read our guide to the most effective SAT/ACT Reading tutoring, as well as our article on the key qualities of an effective SAT/ACT tutor. What do tutors actually do during SAT/ACT Tutoring? Demystify the mystery with our explanation of what SAT/ACT tutoring involves here. Want to get serious about improving your SAT/ACT score? Our tutoring service is designed to be the most effective in the nation. We hire the best tutors from across the country. This is then paired with our exclusiveonline drillingprogramthat gives your tutor complete insight into your progress to design the most effective sessions. Think about what improving 160 points on your SAT, or 4 points on your ACT, can do for you. Learn more about tutoring now:

Corporate Financial Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Corporate Financial Strategy - Essay Example The money spent by the company and the level of the cash flow is considered as the profit depends on getting break even in the marketing and sales of the product. Ans. Sunk cost can be defined as the cost that has been already incurred. This cannot be relevant to the present decisions. The items related with the preliminary engineering should be eliminated from the present decisions. This gives a proper place for sunk cost to be recognised as a separate expense budget and not in the new product proposal. This will make the sunk cost as a factor that will not effect investment decisions that give importance to cash flow more than the income flows. (Columbia .edu team, 2005) 1 Ans. In general the financial analysts have to use capital budgeting decisions in the course of their careers. After valuating the process, they have to answer a yes and no choice to their higher ups. In doing so, they have to consider future cash flows of the project. The cash flows are considered to be more important as they give more liquidity to the project and thus enable the quick returns. This means that the cash flow analysis of the investment decisions concentrate on quick returns rather than heavy returns. This can be termed as the main reason for consideration of cash flow instead of income flow for taking a investment decision. (R. Bruner, 2007) 2 Ans. The incremented cash flows are considered more important than the total cash flows. This is because; the incremental cash flow determines the earnings after tax due to the sales. As the sales increases the earnings will increase. The ratio between earnings before interest and after tax to the sales can give the increment in the cash flow. This increment can be considered as the indicator of the increase in the income that is proportionate to the sales. Though the income increases with the increase of sales the calculation of increment ratio will tell about the level of increase and whether that

Finacial & legal aspecat of procurement Assignment

Finacial & legal aspecat of procurement - Assignment Example nstruction of structures, fixing of electronics and navigation devices, maintenance of auxiliary systems, technical support to engineers and other shipyard services depend on the available specialized labor. Structural developments take the biggest chunk of labor expense followed outfit and furnishings because they are done virtually on a daily basis. Another cost driver is the purchase of materials (Moelmann & Harris, pg30). Fixing of electrical appliances cost the company heavily due to the high cost of purchasing special devices such as adaptors, which are very critical in navigation and propulsion. Materials increase overhead costs due to the ever-changing prices of imported appliances and accessories. The accounting office can hardly obtain a definite estimate of the overhead costs to be incurred on product accessories and appliance in all accounting phase. Most of the purchased materials are imported from Japan and Germany. The fluctuating world prices shift the costs from time to time making it quite impossible to project the actual cost of materials. Propulsion materials have a high depreciation rate due to the busy schedule of the transport company in all the segments in deals in. In shipping and land courier services, the expense is high on oil and engine spare parts. The cost of petrol, gearbox replacements is high and almost a fixed cost because it is the only available method of propulsion. For shipping high capacity, diesel engines are expensive to repair and the oil prices keep rising regardless of the increase in the cost of different engine models. In the last financial period, the company had to purchase more spare parts for the ship engines and 20 more courier vans to serve on the land segment. The overall cost of the company doubled even when the cost of technical support, auxiliary systems, and electrical appliances remained the same. This significantly affected the profit margin going down at its lowest in a decade. Fees and insurance has

Time Value of Money Application Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Time Value of Money Application Paper - Essay Example The following are some important concepts of time value of money: Future value of money at a particular point is equal to the original sum of money plus interest rate multiplied by original sum of money. Suppose a retirement plan financial service provider receives $100 at the rate of 8% per annum; the future value of that fund will be: Given above scenario, present value is a reverse of the future value in that it shows how much certain amount of dollar worth today. The above formula can equally be used to calculate present value, in this case it will be inverted; if the calculations involve compound interest then the amount in inner braces will be raised to a power of n. the resulting value is otherwise called discounted value. This is the cost for borrowing or lending money or can be viewed as the yield to which money can earn. This interest rate can be categorized into nominal rate of interest and effective rate of interest2. Nominal interest rate is that rate of interest not adjusted for inflation whereas effective interest rate has full effect of compounding and is adjusted for inflation. Commercial banks make good use of time value of money in all their transactions – accepting deposits, lending to firms and corporate organizations and even borrowing short-term instruments from other financial institutions. For example, if a commercial bank accepts savings from a client at 5% per annum, assuming the client deposits $200 every two months for a year; the client might unwittingly be glad for receiving the 5% in addition to security he/she enjoys from the bank. However, these funds can be lent out at 15% to a credit card company who now uses this to service its customers. The difference between 15% paid by Credit Card Company and 5% paid to this client with the commercial bank reflects the of time value of money. Using above example, credit card financial

A Brief Review Of Petronas

A Brief Review Of Petronas PETRONAS is the short for Petroliam National Berhad. As an incorporated company, it was founded on the 17th of August 1974. It was wholly owned and controlled by the government of Malaysia. PETRONAS has ventured into more than 32 countries including Argentina, Russia and Egypt. It currently employs over 30, 000 employees of 38 nationalities. PETRONAS has involved in the entire petroleum activities. From managing the sharing contractors of the foreign production, it has been changed into developing its own capabilities in the upstream sector allow it to take the lead in the exploration and production of the nations oil and gas resources. Vested with the entire oil and gas resources in Malaysia, PETRONAS is entrusted by the government to develop and add value to these resources. Besides that, it also ventured into downstream activities. It seeks to maximize value creation and strengthen of its operations all the way down the value chain. The range downstream activities of PETRONAS includes oil refining, gas processing and liquefaction, gas transmission pipeline operations, petrochemical manufacturing and marketing, property investment, shipping, marketing of liquefied natural gas, marketing and distribution of petroleum products, and trading. Internal Environment There is a high level of interdependence between an organization and its internal environment. The internal environment, also known as micro force, comprises elements that have a direct influence on the operations of the organization. They have an impact on the achievement of the organizations goals. The Micro forces of the environment are: Vision and Mission PETRONAS is a big organization and a corporation which is widely known to the world as a company that exports Malaysian oil. Being a big organization, PETRONAS has its very own vision and mission to achieve its common goal and to serve its customers the best service they can provide. As we all know vision is a long-term plan that exists in almost every company or organization. PETRONASs vision statement is to be a leading oil and gas multinational of choice. It is hoping to become a worldwide known organization and also the first choice among all other oil companies present so far. PETRONAS mission statements, on the other hand, are as follows: We are a business entity. Petroleum is our core business. Our primary responsibility is to develop and add value to this national resource. Our objective is to contribute to the well-being of the people and the nation. (PETRONAS, 2010) The mission and vision PETRONAS believes has made it grows tremendously since it was incorporated in the month of August on the 17th in the year 1974. It is now a fully-integrated oil and gas corporation which is ranked among FORTUNE Global 500s largest corporation in the world. Organizational structure Organizational structure is the internal, formal framework of a business that shows the way in which management is linked together and how authority is transmitted. (Stimpson, 2006) structure.jpg Figure 1: The Corporation Organizational Structure of PETRONAS (PETRONAS Case Study on Education, 2005) As shown in the Figure 1, PETRONAS adopts the functional organization structure. It enables specialization and allowing its employees to focus on their respective areas. There is cross functional bonds between the respective divisions and departments. It is the bond and process of specialization that has led to the success of the organization. Team work is encouraged, all the departments work together to achieve the companys goals and targets. This has proved to rewarding for the organization as a whole and the employees, customers, suppliers and the community as a whole. The line of authority is clearly drawn, orders are sent from the top most level, the president and the CEO. PETRONAS has also hired consultants to improve business and organization results. Functional Strategies Corporate Planning and development division This division plans long term and short term business strategies which lead to the development of the organization. Education division This division undertakes the responsibility of all the educational activities associated with PETRONAS. It involves the scholarships provided by University Technology PETRONAS and the education programs provided to the underserved community. Finance division The Finance division provides the company with its accounting and financial reporting backbone of the company. Its role is to identify financial sources to finance the operations of the company and to locate profitable areas where the business can invest their money to get higher returns. PETRONAS is involved in the sports world through its investment with Mercedes F1team. It has also contributed towards the development of Turkmenistan economy, by investing US dollar $ 1.8 billion in the oil and gas industries. Technical Services division This division is set up to drive and manage the technological activities of PETRONAS. Human Resource division The most important function of the human resource department is recruitment, selection and training of employees among others. PETRONAS selects the best and brightest of employees through talent searches amongst local and overseas graduate. PETRONAS trains and molds its own employees through technical training and innovative program provided in University Technology PETRONAS. Shareholders Shareholders of a firm can directly influence its policies and activities. PETRONAS shareholder is the government. It generates income and value for its shareholder. PETRONAS gave the government RM 52.3 billion from its RM86.8 billion pre-tax profit, in the form royalty, dividends, corporate tax, income tax and export duty. PETRONAS provides shareholders with the opportunity to gain first hand exposure on the Companys operations by organizing several visits to its Gas Processing Plants. Such two-way communication increases corporate transparency and helps shareholders take a longer term view of their investment based on a better understanding of the companys corporate strategy and operation. PETRONAS recognizes the importance of timely and equal dissemination of information to shareholders. Therefore they arrange the Annual General Meeting (AGM) which is a crucial mechanism in shareholders communication. Employees PETRONAS must be committed to enhancing the capability of its employees, as a corporation is only as good as the people who work for it. This phrase is from PETRONAS mission statement. Employees are the most important asset of an organization, since it is the dedication, motivation and skills of an employee that make a business successful. PETRONAS highly values its employees and understands the importance of their motivation. Therefore it arranges various programmes to encourage and support its employees by involving them in voluntary work. Programmes such as Sentuhan Kasih and Jalinan Insan allow their employees to contribute to homes for disadvantaged children and orphans in the areas of their operations. These programmes provide the employees with job satisfaction, which in return highly motivates them to perform better. Community Lord Holme and Richard Watts used the following definition. Corporate Social Responsibility is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large The culture now is to be generous by giving back to the community. Therefore organizations have certain responsibility towards the community they work in. PETRONAS is a responsible citizen of the community, thus is has successfully imitated and supported various social, environmental and community projects. PETRONAS and Education PETRONAS is committed is developing the people and they operate in by providing education particularly in the field on science and technology. They are determined to create a skilled human resource base for Malaysia through various schemes. Scholarships University technology PETRONAS (UTP) provides hands on technical training and innovative programs to help employees build skills and competencies. PETROSAINS provides a rich and motivating environment for the public to acquire knowledge about science and technology. PETRONAS benefits from this program since they are molding their own workforce, by educating them in standards which are important to PETRONAS. PETRONAS and Environment PETRONAS recognizes the importance of conserving biological diversity in order to ensure people, animals and plants. Therefore they developed the KUALA LUMPUR CITY CENTRE (KLCC) PARK, to balance the challenging demands of growing urban populations, with the environmental conservation. A much needed public park and green lung for the city of Kuala Lumpur. External Environment External environment refers to the macro forces that happen outside the business which cannot be controlled by the business. These forces will influence the internal functions of the business and its strategies to adapt itself to the changing environment. Political Environment The Malaysian government chose to create a state company, rather than using taxes, production limits, leasing, or other familiar instruments of supervision. The government sought to assert national rights over the use of the countrys resources. A state company, having both supervisory powers over the majors and production activities of its own, was a workable compromise between allowing the majors full rein and excluding them, along with their capital and expertise, altogether. PETRONAS is given full trust by Malaysia government to conduct business independently from the government. Government holds 100% of PETRONAS and formulates and implements energy policies including oil gas. The company cooperates with the government for the common purpose to develop the country to achieve the level of advanced countries. Regarding the relationship between PETRONAS and the government, one executive in the company said, There is a world, especially in the Third World, where only the government and the government (GG) can open the first door. He claimed that there is the world which does not function well with the absence of mutual trust between the government and the national oil company. http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:pCgz92sE-H0FpM::history.sandiego.edu/cdr2/WW2Pics/04541.GIFt=1h=191w=266usg=__edWYAb0Yxd4yqnM8TXpb2ftbqK8= Legal Environment Legal concepts, principles and issues are affecting everyday business decisions of all organizations. PETRONAS is a multinational organization. Therefore the company is subjected to laws in all of its host countries. Petroleum Development Act 1974 To regulate the oil and gas industry to achieve Malaysias economic development needs, Petroleum Development Act 1974 was formulated, and PETRONAS was established under this act. Through this act, PETRONAS owns the exclusive right of ownership, exploration and production of petroleum and gas. Under the direct purview of Malaysias Prime Minister, PETRONAS is responsible for its planning, investment and regulation of all up-stream activities. Government Taxation PETRONAS is liable to pay to the Federal and State Government in terms of dividends, taxes, export duties and royalties. In the year of 2009, PETRONAS has paid RM 30.0 billion as dividends, RM20.3 billion as income tax, RM 9.1 billion as corporate income tax, RM 2.2 billion as export duties and RM 6.2 billion as royalties to the government (PETRONAS: Media Release, 2009). Laws Regarding Employee Benefits On the other hand, nearly all government pass laws to control recruitment, employment, minimum wages, health and safety at work, and trade union rights of employees. One of its aims is to protect the workers from any kind of physical injuries. It requires the working environment in PETRONAS to be safe with adequate equipment and sanitation. However, these requirements usually add up to the business cost. Consumer Rights In addition, PETRONAS has to protect consumer rights. The Consumer rights seek to protect the rights and interest of consumers, as well as to prevent them from receiving products that do not reach a reasonable level of safety. PETRONAS sternly practices this as to ensure maximum popularity amongst other oil and gas company as well as looking after customer satisfaction. Economical Environment Economical environment refers to the collective of the nature of economic system in the country. It would affect a business in terms of recession, interest rates, exchange rates and global economic factors. Recession Recession is the process when values of goods and services decline in an economy. It results in the fall of demand for certain products, as income is reduced. To keep the demand on going, the prices of products are lowered. According to an article by Jane Lee in 2009, net income of PETRONAS in the year ended March 31 dropped 14%. It was its first annual profit decline in 7 years due to sapped energy demand in global recession and high production cost. Interest rates During inflation, there will be increase in the supply of money associated to the amount of goods available. This will result in a rise in prices of goods and services in the economy over a period of time. For PETRONAS, the high interest rates and fall of purchasing power would consequently affect the cash flow of the organization. Oil Price Oil Price has strong relationship with PETRONAS sales performance. When oil price in Malaysia increase, its sales will strongly increase, and when oil price in Malaysia decrease, its sales also decrease. http://www.thegeminigeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/business-environment.jpg Technological Environment In order to adapt itself to the rapid growing technological environment, an organization has to be versatile and recognises the value of technology to its business growth. PETRONAS is a technology dependent organization that promotes and uses technology vastly for research and development. It pursues the strategic deployment and application of technology to further enhance operational excellence and maximize the potential of its existing assets and emerging opportunities. Technology in Gas Business In the Gas Business, PETRONASs technology emphasizes on mercury management. With the initiatives to remove mercury from raw condensates, the onshore mercury removal system, a technology that is among the first in the world, has been installed at PETRONAS Onshore Gas Terminal in Kertih. This system is able to treat raw condensates at the terminal, to improve operational and Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) performance as well as to assure product quality. Technology in Oil Business In the Oil Business, PETRONAS continue to pursue leading edge technologies to enhance its fuels and lubricants businesses. PRIMAX 3, the unleaded petrol, was developed in-house utilizing a superior quality fuel formulation innovated by optimising base fuel properties through the addition of the Sinar G-05 additive (PETRONAS: Oil Business, 2010). While meeting environmental standards, it enhances engine performance and efficiency. In addition, PETRONAS also believes there are opportunities in alternative energy resources and continue to explore the potential of hydrocarbon resources as well as solar energy and bio-fuels. In building a long term and sustainable energy business, the company looks toward Green Technologies to prepare for the future low-carbon economy. These technologies are believed to be providing a strong competitive advantage for PETRONAS to strengthen its position in global business. Competition In any of the industry, there must be competition among organizations. An organization will try to get more customers to buy their product instead of the one offered by the competitors. The success of organizations depends on which one makes the most attractive products at lower prices. The major competitors to PETRONAS are Shell and Caltex. They produce different type and efficiency of petrol. PETRONAS PETRONAS has designed PETRONAS PRIMAX 3 to provide maximum protection and performance for your car. By formulating with unique additive components, PETRONAS PRIMAX 3 efficiently protects the engine against injector fouling and corrosion, reinstating the car to its peak performance to improve fuel economy. Shell However, Shell is the leader in developing high quality fuels. Shell Super with fuel economy formula is specially designed by Shell experts to give you extra miles at no extra cost. It is formulated with Shells Synthetic Viscous Friction Improver, designed to reduce friction in this crucial part of your engine, helping to improve its efficiency. Caltex On the other hand, all Caltex petrols now include technologically-advanced, patented fuel ingredient, Techron ®. Caltex Techron with cleaning agent is unsurpassed at keeping engines clean and cleaning up deposits to help reinstate original performance. It contains powerful detergents which help in removing deposits from fuel injectors intake ports and valves. The key benefits for using Techron ® are improved performance, enhanced reliability, smoother drive, restored fuel economy and lower emissions. Comparing these petrol brands, each of them has its own strengths. They are having a healthy competition in the petrol industry with the same goal to provide the best petrol they could produce. Social Environment Social environment refers to the factors regarding the society as well as the environment. An organization needs to have social responsibilities in order to contribute to the people of the society and to protect natural environment. Social Responsibility on Consumer Many companies are affected by society and vice-versa. For PETRONAS, it was noticed that consumers are the foundation of the entire business, and dissatisfied customer could be a warning signal to the business. Therefore, it has to take care of societal needs and safeguard human rights. For example, it concerns about the safety and health of consumers. It has to make sure that it supplies safe products to the consumers and provides product knowledge via advertisements, as well as ensures product utility and performance as advertised. Social Responsibility on Environment In undertaking its business activities, PETRONAS cares for the environment by adopting responsible environmental management practices in its operations. At the same time, it also contributes to the biodiversity and conservation of the environment for the sake of the community. PETRONAS is taking every practicable and reasonable step to prevent the risk of injuries, health hazards and damages to properties in according to international Health, Safety and Environment standards. It is also investing in community-related initiatives in environmental conservation and urban renewal, both in Malaysia and other countries. These community projects aimed to create sustainable benefit and tangible value to the communities. http://www.momisteaching.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/social-media-marketing.jpg Conclusion Over the years, PETRONASs unique experience and expertise, coupled with its technical and operational competencies have allowed it to be accepted as the preferred strategic partner by international companies and the host countries. Facing the adverse business and economic environment, PETRONAS is still able to integrate, add value and globalize its operations. These would bring the company towards the realization of its vision to become a Leading Oil and Gas Multinational of Choice. Moving forward, PETRONAS will continue to improve its business performance, strengthen its resilience and enhance its capabilities to confront the challenges in delivering a sustainable energy future for all its stakeholders. Moreover, it will guided by its objective to serve the nation and people with high standards of ethics and integrity, while at the same time maximizing shareholders returns. (3029 words)

Nature and Nurture in Crime and Punishment Essay -- Crime and Punishmen

Nature and Nurture in Crime and Punishment       In the news today there is an article about a high-school boy who brought guns to school and shot several students. The parents of the victims are suing various computer game companies saying that the violent games present shooting and killing people as pleasurable and fail to portray realistic consequences. A representative of one of the companies released a statement saying that this is another example of individuals seeking to elude responsibility that has become so common in our society. This case is not about software. What is on trial is the age-old debate between nature and nurture, which also lies at the center of Fyodor Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment.    In his dream about the gray nag, Raskolnikov as an unshaped child is innately compassionate; he weeps for horses being cruelly beaten, but already society, in the form of his parents, begins to shape him, to train him, to numb his compassionate feelings for those in pain. His mother draws him away from the window when he sees such a horse pass and his father tells him when the men kill the nag "They're drunk, they're playing pranks, it's none of our business, come along" (59). Already Raskolnikov is being taught to rationalize murder, for all those people who watched and did not interfere are partly to blame as they rationalize that "it's none of our business."    Mikolka, the horse's murderer, also rationalizes his role; first, he defines the mare as property, not as life. Repeatedly he says "It's my goods" (57) while those who object refer to the horse not as an neuter object but as "her." Secondly, he attempts to justify the act through cold reasoning: "I might as well kill her, she's not worth her ... .... Even today as we scan the news we can still find the nature versus nurture issue addressed by Dostoevky still prevalent in our court cases and legal system.    Works Cited and Consulted:    Bloom, Harold. Modern Critical Interpretations. New York, New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988.    Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment. New York: Random House, 1992.    Gale Research Co. Nineteenth Century Literature Criticism. Detroit, MI 1984, Vol. 7.    Kjetsaa, Geir. Fyodor Dostoyevsky, A Writer's Life. New York, New York: Viking Penguin Inc., 1987,    Magill, Frank. Masterplots. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Salem Press, 1976.    Terras, Victor. Handbook of Russian Literature. New Haven, CT; Yale University Press, 1985.    Timoney, John. Speech on Crime and Punishment. Mt. Holyoke College, November 10, 1994.   

Organisational Behaviour Ch7

CHAPTER 7 DECISION MAKING AND CREATIVITY Describe the six stages in the rational choice decision process Decision making: the conscious process of making choices among alternatives with the intention of moving toward some desired state of affairs. Rational choice paradigm of decision making: the view in decision making that people should and typically do, use logic and all available information to choose the alternative with the highest value. Decision making involves identifying, selecting and applying the best possible alternative. The best decision use pure logic and all available information to choose the alternative with the highest value Such as highest expected profit, customer satisfaction, employee wellbeing or some combination of these outcomes. Subjective expected utility: the probability (expectation) of satisfaction (utility) resulting from choosing a specific alternative in a decision. Decision making process: systematic application of stages of decision making. 1. Identify problem or opportunity 2. Choose the best decision process 3. Develop alternative solutions 4. Choose the best alternative . Implement the selected option 6. Evaluate decision outcomes Problem with Rational choice paradigm: 1. Impossible to apply in reality 2. Difficulty recognising problems 3. Process the huge volume of information 4. Difficulty recognising when choices have failed 5. Focusing on logical thinking, ignores emotion influence making decision IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES Explain why people have difficulty with it Problem identification is not just the first step in decision making: it is the most important There are five most widely recognised concerns. Stakeholder framing: attention-based theory of the firm: states that, organisational decisions and actions are influenced mainly by what attracts management’s attention, rather than by objective reality. Mental mode: if an idea does not fit the existing mental mode of how things should work, the idea is dismissed as unworkable or undesirable. Decisive leadership: being decisive includes quickly forming an opinion of whether an event signals problem or opportunity. Many decisions happens too quickly before having a chance to logically assess the situation, more often it is a poorer decision than would result if more time had been devoted to identify the problem and evaluating the alternatives. Solution-focused problems: decision makers engage in solution-focused problem identification because it provides comforting closure to the otherwise ambiguous and uncertain nature of problems. Perceptual defence: people sometimes block out bad news as a coping mechanism. Some people inherently avoid negative information. People are more likely to disregard danger signals when they have limited control over the situation. Identifying problems and opportunities more effectively * Be aware of the 5 problem identification biases * Increase awareness of problem identification, need willpower to resist the temptation of looking decisive * Create a norm of â€Å"divine discontent† * Discussing the situation with others to ease difficulty EVALUATING AND CHOOSING ALTERNATIVES Explain why people do not follow the rational choice model when evaluating alternative choices Bounded rationality: the view that people are process limited and imperfect information and rarely select the best choice. Problem with goals: assumes that organisational goals are clear and agreed on. Goals are often ambiguous or in conflict with each other. Problem with information processing: assumes that decision makers can process info about all alternatives and in their consequences, but it is not possible in reality. Implicit favourite: preferred alternative that the decision maker uses repeatedly as a comparison with other choices. iased decision heuristics: key element of rational choice paradigm, as people can estimate the probabilities of outcomes. 1. Anchoring and adjustment heuristic: people to be influenced by an initial anchor point such that they do not sufficiently move away from that point as new info is provided. Initial info influences evaluation of subsequent info 2. Availability heuristic: we estimate probabilities by how easily we can recall the event, even tho ugh other factors influence it. 3. Representativeness heuristic: we estimate probabilities by how much they are similar to something else, even when better information available. Problem with maximisation: people engage in satisficing, selecting an alternative that is good enough rather than the alternative with the highest value. To choose the best alternative is also demand more info processing capacity than what they willing to apply. Making the best choice among many, can be cognitively and emotionally draining. Evaluating opportunities: opportunity is different from the process of problem solving. Decision makers not evaluate alternatives, after all, the opportunity is the solution, so why look further, they tend to have an emotional attachment to the opportunity. EMOTIONS AND MAKING CHOICES: Describe 3 ways in which emotions influences the selection of alternatives 1. Emotions from early preferences: emotions form preferences before we consciously evaluate those choices 2. Emotions change the decision evaluation process: moods and emotions influence how well we follow the decision process. . Emotions serve as info when we evaluate alternatives: we â€Å"listen in† on our emotions and use that info to make choices Intuitive decision making: ability to know when a problem or opportunity exist and select the best action without conscious reasoning. * Gut feelings we experience are emotional signals that have enough intensity to make us aware * Not all emotional signals are intuitions * Intuitions are involves rapidly comparing nonconscious analysis Making choices more eff ective: Systematically evaluate alternatives against relevant factors * Be aware of effects of emotions on decision preferences and evaluating process * Scenario planning: imagining possible future, choosing the best possible solution long before they occur Evaluating decision outcomes: confirmation bias known as â€Å"post-decisional justification† * Forget or downplay the negative features of selected alternative and highlight the positive features * Typically nonconscious and driven by emotions * Gives people an excessively optimistic evaluation of their decision Escalation of Commitment: the tendency to repeat an apparently bad decision or allocate more resources to a falling course of action 4 main causes of escalation: 1. Self-justification: individuals motivated maintain course of action when need to justify their action 2. Prospect theory effect: a natural tendency to feel more dissatisfaction from losing a particular amount than satisfaction from gaining an equal amount 3. Perceptual blinders: occurs because decision makers do not see the problems soon enough, they screen out or explain away negative information, serious problems looks like random errors 4. Closing costs: decision makers will because the cost of ending the project are high or unknown Evaluating decision outcomes more effectively: * Separate decision makers from evaluators to minimise self-justification * Establish a preset level to abandon or re-evaluate the project * Find a source of systematic and clear feedback * Involve several people in the evaluation EMPLOYEE INVOLVMENT IN DECISION MAKING Describe benefits of employee involvement in decision making Employee involvement: when employees influence how their work is organised and carried out Benefits: improves quality and commitment – recognising problem more quicker – defining problem more accurately – improve solutions generated – specific conditions improves the evaluation of alternatives Contingencies of employee involvement Identify four option thet affect the optimal level of employee involvement 1. Decision structure: decision can be programmed and non-programmed, programmed decision need less involvement, because solution is already worked out from past incidents 2. Source of decision knowledge: employee have relevant knowledge than leaders, it is improves decision quality 3. Decision commitment: participation is improving employee commitment 4. Risk of conflict: employee goals and norms conflict with the organisation’s goals, whether employees will reach agreement on the preferred solution CREATIVITY Outline the four steps in creative process Creativity: the development of original ideas that make a socially recognised contribution Rely on to find problems, alternatives and implement solutions Creative process: 1. Preparation: person or team effort to gain knowledge and skills regarding the problem or opportunity, clear understanding of what we are trying to achieve 2. Incubation: the period of reflective thoughts, put the problem aside, however our mind is still working on it, maintain a low level of awareness†¦Ã¢â‚¬ divergent thinking† reframing the problem and generating different approaches to the issue â€Å"convergent thinking†: calculating the accepted â€Å"right answer† to logical problem 3. Insight: refers to experience of suddenly becoming aware of a unique idea CHARACTERISTICS OF CREATIVE PEOPLE Describe the characteristics of creative employee and workplaces that support creativity 1. Cognitive and practical intelligence: creative people recognise the significance of small bits of information and are able to connect them in ways like no one else could imagine, they also have practical intelligence, the capacity to evaluate the potential usefulness of their ideas 2. Persistence: higher need for achievement, a strong motivation from the task itself and a moderate or high degree of self-esteem, persistence is vital because creative ideas meet with plenty of resistance from others as well as failures along the way to success 3. Subject knowledge and experience: creative people have sufficient knowledge and experience on subject 4. Independent imagination: -high openness to experience, moderately low need for affiliation, high self-direction stimulation values Creative work environment * Learning orientation: leaders recognise that employees make reasonable mistakes as part of the creative process, and need to tolerate â€Å"creativity comes from failure† * Work motivation: employees can be more creative if they believe their work. Benefit the organisation * Open communication and sufficient resources Activities that encourage creativity

Later Adulthood Development Report Essay Essay Example

Later Adulthood Development Report Essay Essay Example Later Adulthood Development Report Essay Essay Later Adulthood Development Report Essay Essay As grownups enter the phase of subsequently maturity. many alterations will get down to develop for each individual. The aging procedure includes transitioning from work life to retirement. alterations to functions. societal places. societal policies. finding populating adjustments with health care demands. and relationships with households and equals. The phase known as the aureate old ages comes with great challenges while seting to the many alterations in a person’s life. ( Zastrow A ; Kirst-Ashman. 2010 ) . Passage from work to retirement The passage from a working life to the retirement old ages can be a hard procedure for aging grownups as giving up higher wages for the sum paid for Social Security is drastically different. Coercing retired grownups to look for supplement income during this phase at a lower position than antecedently held in a anterior place. Most companies offer a pension or 401k program to assist employees be after for a better retirement as it is about impossible to populate on Social Security entirely. This alteration besides plays a big factor on how the single positions their personal dignity. Alternatively of pluming themselves in the cognition of an business. retirement forces the individual to give up that function in hunt of another beginning to busy their clip. ( Zastrow A ; Kirst-Ashman. 2010 ) . Passage from work to retirement Cont. Retirement can be an enjoyed clip for some older grownups as they see it as the first clip since childhood they are able to make the things they want in life without worrying about the bounds caused by a profession. Others will fight to calculate out to make with all the excess clip during each twenty-four hours. Depending greatly on the attitude a individual had toward the many old ages spent employed and the ability to go on financially back uping the extracurricular points they would wish to partake in during retirement. Personal wellbeing plays a big factor in how the grownup will manage the retirement old ages and determine extra wellness issues a individual may confront. With a solid retirement program go oning to back up the individual financially. this can be a joyous clip while others larning to populate on a fixed income will detect important alterations to their overall wellness. These alterations are brought on by depression. a feeling of no longer being needed. or the bo red from non holding a specific undertaking for mundane life. ( Allen. Clark. A ; Ghent. 2004 ) . Changes in function and societal place As aging advancements people begin to lose their function and societal places caused by the alterations to activities. each individual is involved in and illnesses the aged develop. The deficiency of physical and mental activities begins to diminish psychomotor accomplishments that affect assorted facets of day-to-day life. When people start aging the alterations in the ability to see and hear Begin to worsen doing it look as if the individual suffers from a diminution in mental competence. which may non be the instance and it merely takes an older individual longer to treat the information that is given to them. Physically the alterations to a person’s organic structure will get down in in-between maturity with the most noticeable occurrence in subsequently maturity. Physical alterations in musculus tone and tallness along with a slower apprehension of the universe around them creates the perceptual experience of the older grownup as a weaker individual in the eyes of their l oved 1s and is the clip when wellness issues become more noticeable. ( Zastrow A ; Kirst-Ashman. 2010 ) . Changes in function and societal place Cont. As reaction times lag. the aged Begin to lose privileges like drive because the reaction clip is greatly affected and is thought to be the cause of extra accidents. Driving is. normally. the first undertaking removed from a individual when they are no longer able to run a vehicle safely without jeopardizing the lives of others. Once a individual begins to see this normal undertaking being taken off from them it causes the individual to go dependent on households or friends to assist with their day-to-day demands. and decreases the feeling of autonomy. which causes the alteration to the function a individual has in society. ( Zastrow A ; Kirst-Ashman. 2010 ) . Changes in matrimony. household and peer relationships Subsequently maturity is the clip in life when alterations in matrimony. households. and peer relationships are affected the most by the loss of person stopping point to that individual. â€Å"Most people 70 old ages of age or older are widowed. divorced. or single† ( Zastrow A ; Kirst-Ashman. 2010. p. 619 ) . Losing a partner or close friend can make a sense of solitariness. which causes depression. anxiousness and the emptiness feeling can go overpowering. Depression besides leads to psychological effects that will deteriorate a person’s wellness doing the opportunity for a terminal disease to go much higher. The weaker visual aspect of older grownups causes household and staying equals to step up in the function of doing certain the person’s well-being is being met. ( Zastrow A ; Kirst-Ashman. 2010 ) . Populating adjustments and health care demands Worsening wellness and depression are two of the largest grounds households look into assisted life places for aging loved 1s. Making certain that the health care needs of the aged are met becomes a precedence for every household as the functions begin to change by reversal from the parent being the primary health professional of their kids to the kids being responsible for run intoing the demands of aging parents. Diseases such Alzheimer’s and dementedness are really hard for non merely the older individual but for their households as good. As a individual with this disease is no longer able to populate on their ain without the fright of something bad go oning while no 1 else is around to watch over them. The disease affects all normal facets of a person’s life. making confusion. aggressive behaviours. incontinency. and the inability to run into the day-to-day demands without supervising doing it necessary to happen a installation that will run into the demands of the patient. ( Zastrow A ; Kirst-Ashman. 2010 ) . Finding a installation that will run into all the demands of the older grownup and have a degree of attention that the household desires can be hard to happen. Researching all installations in the country will assist maintain a peace of head for the household and reassure that their loved 1s are having the attention they need. Medical plans Healthcare for older grownups is expensive. and since many are populating on fixed incomes. they rely on plans such as Medicaid and Medicare to run into their medical demands. Due to the economic position of the authorities and the high cost of medical attention. both of these plans now provide limited services to older grownup. The quality of medical attention older people will have will besides be lessened as many primary attention doctors focus their pattern on younger coevalss. making an inability to right name jobs in older maturity. Treating younger people allows the doctors to do more money off the current Medicare plans because of the restrictions in topographic point to curtail extra processs when needed. ( Zastrow A ; Kirst-Ashman. 2010 ) . Social policies impacting older grownups Social policies were created to help the aging population meet medical. day-to-day and income demands. The Older Americans Act of 1965 was created to guarantee that older grownups receive benefits of income. equal lodging. community services. and nutrition plans. ( Gelfand. A ; Bechill. 1991 ) . The Supplement Security Income plan was designed to supply extra income after retirement for the persons that worked the needed sum of old ages to have full benefits. Medicare programs are split into a bipartite system that will pay for limited medical disbursals incurred after retirement. Separate A of the program pays for limited attention during infirmary corsets. nursing places. and place wellness attention when needed. while Part B covers physician disbursals and out-patient services. Throughout the old ages. many alterations have been made to the policies because of alterations in presidential term and budget cuts to the federally funded plans. ( Zastrow A ; Kirst-Ashman. 2010 ) . Dec ision The alterations that occur for the older grownup population make it necessary for extended planning during the in-between maturity phase. for retirement and reflecting on how each person will supply their basic demands when the clip comes. Plans will assist to ease the emphasis of aging. set less of a load on household members. and do certain that the aged receive the medical attending they need without trusting on authorities assisted plans. Keeping a presence in societal groups will assist the overall mental and physical position of the aging population. The hereafter is up to each individual to command how they want to populate during the last phase of life. ( Zastrow A ; Kirst-Ashman. 2010 ) . MentionsAllen. S. G. . Clark. R. L. . A ; Ghent. L. S. ( 2004 ) . Phasing into retirement. The Industrial A ; Labor Relations Review. 58 ( 1 ) . 112-127. Gelfand. D. E. . A ; Bechill. W. ( 1991. Summer-Fall ) . The development of the older Americans act: a 25-year reappraisal of the legislative alterations. Coevalss. 15 ( 3 ) . 19-22. Zastrow. C. H. . A ; Kirst-Ashman. K. K. ( 2010 ) . Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment ( 8th ed. ) . Mason. Ohio: Brooks Cole/Cengage.